Dirac’s equation predicted the existence of a particle which had a mass equal to that of an electron but had a positive charge. No body had ever encountered such a particle before. Dirac was initially nonplussed by such a ‘queer’ prediction of his equation and he hesitated to publish it. But in the end, he had faith in his equation and he went ahead and published it. In a few years, Carl Anderson detected this particle in his cloud chamber experiments. Both Dirac and Anderson received Nobel Prize for their respective discoveries. Dirac called this particle a positron, i.e., an electron with a positive charge. It was later discovered that all the particles of matter have their counter-particles. The counter-particles in general are called antimatter.
First evidence of the correctness of Einstein's theory of general relativity was provided by Eddington who measured the bending of light in the vicinity of Sun during the solar eclipse of 1918. His measurement was in close agreement with the theoretical prediction. “When asked what he would have thought if Eddington’s expedition had not found the bending of light by the Sun, he said, ‘Then I would have been sorry for the dear Lord; the theory is correct,’” (David Lindley in “The End of Physics,” pp. 11-12). His theory was simply too beautiful to be wrong.
Quantum Mechanics was born as a result of Planck’s formulation of a model of radiation spectrum. “In 1900, he found such a model, but its meaning was hard to fathom. As a mathematical trick, Planck decided to add a restriction to classical theory: he specified that the energy carried by radiation could be only a whole number of energy units,” The End of Physics, p. 64). Later, these whole numbers of energy units were called quanta. Planck’s theory predicted that energy was discrete like matter. His prediction from his theory held sway against the common belief (that energy was continuous) of his time.
The beauty of mathematical formulation is such that it provides a solution to some existing problem yet at the same time it is capable of making prediction about some unknown phenomena as well. On the one hand, it answers a question which had baffled the scientists and on the other hand it gives birth to several new questions. For example, Dirac’s equation that had predicted the existence of antimatter also predicts the existence of monopole which has not been discovered yet. The new questions provide stimulus to find their solution and the scientific activity keeps marching ahead.
Beauty in any form is appealing. Iqbal’s poetry is so beautiful that even those who do not necessarily agree with the ideas expressed in his poetry are nonetheless touched by the beautiful expression. However, beauty of mathematics and science is very compelling. It is absolutely impressive both in content and form. For example, complete books have been written to explain what Einstein’s simple equation E = m c^2 means and implies. Omar Khayyam was both a poet and a mathematician. His Rubiyat are as beautiful as his mathematics but in their own respective ways. English translation of Rubiyat by Edward Fitzgerald has immortalized Khayyam’s poetry all over the world. His distinguished contribution to mathematics was his geometrical solution of a cubic equation.
Let me finish this essay by describing a consequence of Einstein’s theory of general relativity. His theory predicted a universe that was expanding with time. Scientists including Einstein believed that the universe was static and unchanging. Einstein was perturbed at this “unreasonable” prediction from his theory. In order to bring his theory in line with the common wisdom which asserted that the universe was static, Einstein introduced a (fudge) constant in his theory, which he called the cosmological constant. Later, in the late 1920’s, Hubbell’s astronomical observations indicated that the universe is indeed expanding. Einstein was so embarrassed that he called his cosmological constant as the biggest mistake of his life. His theory was true and beautiful.
The above kind of fudging often takes place in science in order to explain the known facts which a theory fails to predict. But this underlines, more than any thing else, a need to search for a more general and natural (unconstrained and un-fudged) theory
Thursday, July 16, 2009
Tuesday, June 30, 2009
Beauty Tips
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| You've just washed your face and ten minutes later, voila, your skin feels oily all over again. Sound familiar? Prepare yourself to glow with confidence, even if your skin usually has an oily shine. Relax and follow a few simple steps and you'll soon be on your way to drier, cleaner-feeling skin that glows with radiance! |
| Permanent Solution of Unwanted Hairs on your body It really depends on who looks at it, but hair found on the face, on the back, on the chest, under the arms, on the legs and in the bikini area is generally thought to be unsightly. Such unwanted hair prevents us from wearing some types of clothes, like sleeveless tops, skirts or skimpy bikinis. It also affects our self-confidence to a certain degree. MORE |
| Secrets of Glowing Skin It is the dream of every woman to have a beautiful, fresh and youthful skin. The first step in looking younger begins with what you decide to put into your mouth. Your diet and lifestyle plays a major part in deciding the beauty of your skin. Most people think of a diet as being appropriate only for getting a beautiful figure, however eating the right kind of foods and following a proper diet will put you on the fast track to a healthy body and healthy and glowing skin. The secret to a beautiful, healthy and glowing skin is FRUITS. Include plenty of fruits in your diet and you will see the difference within a week. Fruit is essential for both inner and outer beauty since it enhances the beauty of your skin and MORE |
| “As a teenager the box of colorful makeup products, the soft brushes attracted me to flaunt them on my soft skin as and when I saw my mother using it. But as soon as my mom saw me reaching near the box she would scream and hide the box in a place where I could never even get a glimpse for the rest of the year. Now when I have crossed my teenage life, I have the access to the flamboyant colors. How I love using it everyday to the college” recalls, Prakrathi. MORE |
| Clear Skin Before Your Wedding Don't depend on make-up to conceal those acne scars on your wedding day. If you have three months at hand, then there a lot you can do to get gorgeous skin. Get the best treatment and follow a healthy diet, here what you need to do for clear skin… MORE |
| A pimple is a result of a blockage of the skin's pore. It is a skin disorder that ranges in seriousness from mild to severe and affects nearly majority of teenagers to young adults in their early twenties. It is important to understand why it is necessary to get rid of pimple and MORE |
| Face Pack for Dry Skins Dry skin has no permanent cure but the skin can be softened and made smoother by using a few remedies. Dry skin has a low level of sebum and can be prone to sensitivity. The skin has a parched look caused by its inability to retain moisture. It usually feels "tight" and uncomfortable after washing unless some type of moisturizer or skin cream is applied. MORE |
Cleansing: Your skin will require regular cleansing in order to keep it looking fresh and healthy. Follow these home remedies.
Dry Skin: You can use almond paste or honey cleanser. Take ten crushed almonds and make a paste and add two tsp of honey. Massage on face for 5 to 7 minutes, rinse face and pat dry.
Oily Skin: You need a very mild cleanser to get the dead cells and grime off from skin. Use pure oatmeal scrub to cleanse oily skin or use ripe papaya pulp as a mild exfoliate.
Toning: It’s a must at night. During monsoon, a lot of airborne and waterborne microbes are let loose. So a good anti-bacterial toner will go a long way to prevent skin infections and eruptions. It is a good idea to get anti-bacterial face wash too. You need to mildly tone a dry skin since the pore size is small. Use five drops chamomile oil in a one tsp milk to tone dry skin and ten drops Lavender oil in one tsp water to tone an oily skin.
Moisturizing: During monsoon, moisturizing is as important as it is in summer. Monsoons can mean a DE-moisturizing effect on dry skin and an over-hydrating effect on oily skin. The skin gets wet often and with the constant wetting and drying, a lot of dehydration (yes, in the rains!) takes place. That explains the itchy feeling one gets during monsoons. Use a non-water based moisturizer, if you happen to get wet often. Otherwise a water- based moisturizer will do.
Dry Skin: Take I tsp honey, I tsp fresh curd and I tsp jojoba oil. Mix all of these together and apply on your face and neck. Leave it on for 10 mins and then wash off with plenty of water.
Oily and Combination Skin: In 2 tsp rose water add 2 drops of strawberry oil and fresh orange oil. Mix and apply on face and neck for 10 mins and then wash off.
Makeup: Make skincare your makeup during the monsoon. Clean skin with less makeup is the best way to brace yourself for a rainy day. Mix a few drops of foundation in water-based moisturizer. For a light weight canvas treat foundation like a moisturizer and smooth over clean skin till it completely disappears. The use of loose powders and oil-based products should be kept minimal during the rain.
15 Great Grandma's tips
15 Great Grandma's tips
100% natural recipes for flawless skin, soft hair and beautiful eyes
Discover timeless secrets for shiny hair and healthy skin. In this article you will find 15 ideas that you can immediately apply yourself.
Hair
1. Trim split ends each month. This is the most effective way to get rid of them and to make your hair stronger at the same time. Some people cut off the split ends themselves, but if you do not feel comfortable trimming hair yourself, go to a professional hairdresser that will be able to light cut split ends quickly and without damaging your hairstyle.
2. Use natural rinses to make your hair strong and shiny: camomilla rinse for blonde hair, chestnut - if you are a brunette, black tea brew and/or onion peel brew - in case you have honey - colored hair.
Skin
3. Keep your skin clean. Remove dead cells in order to help your skin to breath. Have you ever tried an oatmeal mask? It is very good for oily complexion and it helps to cure acne. How to prepare?
- put a tablespoon of oatmeal in a coffee cup and pour a little bit of boiling water or milk (it should cover the oatmeal). Leave it for about 10 minutes to cool - in the meantime, the oatmeal should grow soft and become a sticky pulp. You can use it to gently cleanse and exfoliate your skin.
4. Use lemon to cure acne - lemon contains antibacterial and exfoliating properties.
Take one lemon and squeeze the juice into a glass container, then add the same amount of mineral water. Apply carefully the mixture to your face with a cotton pad. Avoid touching your eyes! Leave it on for 5-10 minutes and rinse off afterwards with a lukewarm water. It will make your complexion fresh.
5. You can use lemon to whiten your nails or to lighten marks too. Simply apply the lemon juice on the nail or on the mark, rinse with warm water after 5 minutes. The natural acids will whiten the marks and soften the nail. Do not use lemon juice on irritated skin.
6. If you have dry skin, this natural strawberry mask can help.
Recipe: blend 5 ripe strawberries, 2 teaspoons of heavy cream and 2 teaspoons of organic honey until smooth. Apply to a clean face and let set for about 10-15 minutes. Gently wipe off, rinse with warm water, pat skin dry.
Beautiful eyes
7. To get rid of puffy eyes, soak two tea bags and place in freezer for 2-3 minutes (they should be cool but not frozen). Apply to each eyelid and relax for a few minutes.
8. You can use fresh cucumber instead. Simply put cool slices of cucumber on your eyes. And relax :-)
9. In order to diminish dark circles under the eyes, try this potato trick. Take a raw potato, wash it well and peel it off. Cut two slices of raw potato and place them under your eyes. It is helpful to reduce dark circles and should help also to reduce the puffiness.
10. Eat foods that are rich in vit C, vit E and beta carotene. They are great to improve your skin condition from inside. They will also improve general health of your eyes. Some examples of rich-vitamin foods:
- vitamin C: black berries, strawberries, oranges, lemon, potatoes, green veggies
- vitamin E: olive oil, fresh corn, eggs, nuts
- Beta-carotene: carrots, apricots, pumpkin
The Whole Body
11. Drink at least 8 glasses of water per day (more during the summer or if you practice sports). Proper hydration is extremely important to maintain skin young for longer also because it makes all your body work better. It helps also to get rid of toxins. Avoid soda and caffeine drinks - try fresh juices instead.
12. Do you have sharp and irritated skin on your hands? Wear rubber gloves while cleaning your house. Maybe they are not so comfortable, but they will prevent your hands from being destroyed by the chemicals in cleaning products and dirty water. Before going to bed, apply Vaseline or fresh olive oil on your hands and then slip them into cotton gloves. When you will wake up in the morning, you will discover your hands to be silky smooth.
13. Tip for softer body skin: add a bit of sugar (which is an excellent scrub material) to your bathing soap and rub it all over your body. Sugar massage will improve blood circulation and it helps in removing the dead cells. You can add ground coffee to have even better results.
14. Then the next day... why not to have a massage with the sea salt to get rid of body toxins and to relax?
15. Sleep enough not to feel tired, worry less, eat properly and laugh a lot. This combination works better than most of cosmetics on the market. It will make you feel better and look younger for years!
Slim and Sexy Legs
Easy Exercises for Slim and Sexy Legs
Do you want to have beautiful, slim and sexy legs? Try those exercises! You can start to exercise just now, simply by watching and repeating moves that are explained on the video you like.
To be more motivated: sign in your callendar to be back here every day of the next week ( or better: two weeks :-) for 15 minutes and repeat the exercises. I'm sure you will see the results soon.
First video
Slim and Tone Your Legs
- Pulse your seat down
- Move your hips left to right - right to left
- Rise your heels - left one, then right one, then left one again etc
Do 30-60 repetitions of every exercise:
Hair Removal
How To Make Your Hair Weaker Are More Easy To Remove Before Epilation?
In this article you will find some tips to make the hair removal more efficient. You will learn how to make hair weaker and easier to remove.
Many of us prefer to remove body hair ourselves at home instead of asking a beautician or even a friend, since we perceive hair removal as a very intimate activity. However, if you prefer professional waxing at saloon, some of those advices might be useful as well.
So... How to make hair weaker before epilation? How to facilitate the hair removal at home? How to prepare your skin to have better results of hair removal treatment?
Here are the tips:
If you choose cool waxing strips or 'hot' waxing:
One day before you plan to wax your legs, arms or any other part of the body, prepare your skin. Exfoliate the skin with body scrub, body brush or loofah. It will remove the death cells and make your skin smooth, so the wax will stick better to the hair and it will be easier to remove unwanted hairs. It will also help to prevent ingrown hair.Do not exfoliate the skin just before the epilation to avoid the skin inflammation and irritation.
Just before the wax treatment wet the skin with warm water. This trick will make hair follicles open - they will enlarge, so it will become much easier to remove hair and the treatment will be less painful. Make sure your skin is clean and free of oils. Pat dry your skin with fresh towel, trying to make hairs stand up. To mat the body, you can try this trick: apply a little bit of baby powder or talc on the skin surface - wax should stick even better (some girls likes this trick, some don't, so give it a try and decide if you want to continue with the baby powder :-) .
Now take the wax strip, warm in with your hands (like it is explained in the producers instruction), open the strip so you have two pieces covered by wax and carefully apply the strip to the skin. You should press the wax strip in the direction of hair growth. Smooth the strip with your hand and pull it quickly in the opposite direction of the hair growth. You should keep the strip as close to skin as possible (don't pull it straight up) - waxing will be less painful and more efficient. To remove excess wax from the skin use a body oil, baby oil or wax remover - apply it with a cotton pad.
Remember not to use hot wax if you have problems with varicose veins. To obtain best result, hair should be of approximately 0,5 cm ( 1/4 inch). If it's to short - wax will not stick, if it's too long - the treatment will be veeery painful. You can trim hair before the depilation.
Katrina Kaif is wrongly using her star power
They say you need to act like a star to feel like one. And Katrina Kaif by that definition, should be feeling every bit of a star. The actress was recently signed up to launch a luxury designer brand that will make its way to Indian shores soon and has also been paid a queen’s ransom for the endorsement.The foreign agents who sealed the deal with Katrina’s managers must have felt they sailed through the tough part once she was on board. But they underestimated Katrina’s ‘star’ power.
My Space
We’ve all heard about product placement, but is there such a thing as anti-product placement?My wife and I watched He’s Just Not That Into You last night, and while we thought the movie was rather pedestrian, I did get a kick out of how they portrayed My Space as a site mainly used for hook ups. And the part I found particularly funny was how Drew Barry more’s character cancels her My Space account after finding her true love.
Dandruff
Hot to Get Rid of Dandruff the Easy Way
While dandruff causes annoying white flakes on your clothes, it is not a serious medical condition. Perhaps the best news of all is that no hair loss will result from dandruff. Home remedy solutions can normally take care of the problem or a change in shampoos could be in order. Dandruff shampoos are readily available as over-the-counter formulations.
What is dandruff?
It is nothing more than dead skin cells falling from your scalp in excessive amounts. Dandruff can be a mild scalp condition in its own right or a symptom of a larger problem such as a fungal infection,
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